Biometric ID Systems in Africa Risk Excluding Millions and Threatening Privacy: Study
New Delhi: The rapid rollout of biometric digital ID systems across African countries is locking millions of citizens out of essential state services while raising serious privacy and surveillance concerns, according to a new study by the African Digital Rights Network and the Institute of Development Studies.
The study examined biometric ID programmes in 10 African countries and found that only two conducted risk assessments before implementation, with neither introducing safeguards for affected populations. Biometric IDs, which rely on fingerprints or facial recognition, are now widely used to access services ranging from healthcare and social welfare to voting registration.
A separate Atlantic Council report found that 49 of Africa’s 54 countries now use biometric systems, driven by rising digital fraud concerns and increased international funding from bodies such as the World Bank and the European Union. However, the cost of implementing these systems exceeds $1 billion, and researchers warn that they may deepen digital exclusion.
The report highlights risks including excessive data collection, weak legal protections, and data sharing with private or international entities. Millions remain unable to enrol due to digital illiteracy, lack of electricity, disabilities or cost barriers, cutting them off from essential services.
While biometric IDs can improve service delivery and reduce fraud, the study calls for stronger data protection laws, inclusive design, and independent oversight.
Our Final Thoughts
Biometric digital IDs promise efficiency and fraud reduction, but their unchecked expansion risks creating new forms of inequality. Without strong safeguards, inclusive access and enforceable data protection laws, these systems could undermine trust and basic rights. Balancing innovation with citizen protection will be critical as African governments continue digitising public services.